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Mentalizing and attachment as predictors of digital dysregulation: a cross-cultural study of FoMO, phubbing, and ghosting across eight countries

Mentalization and attachment as predictors of digital dysregulation: a cross-cultural study of fomo, phubbing, and ghosting in eight countries

Mentalizing deficits are a consistent correlate of all three forms of digital dysregulation across eight countries, whereas attachment avoidance is specifically associated with ghosting and attachment anxiety with FoMO.

The aim was to examine whether attachment insecurity and mentalizing deficits are cross-cultural correlates of digitally mediated interpersonal behaviors (fear of missing out, or FoMO, phubbing, and ghosting) from the perspective of the person engaging in them, and to investigate their distinct associations with different behavioral outcomes. A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and September 2025 among 2,513 university students from eight countries (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, Pakistan, Türkiye, South Africa, Germany/Austria). FoMO, phubbing, ghosting, attachment anxiety and avoidance, mentalizing deficits, and Big Five personality traits were assessed using validated scales; country-specific regression models and multigroup structural equation models were fitted. Mentalizing deficits predicted all three forms of digital dysregulation across all samples, with moderate to large standardized effects. Attachment avoidance was specifically associated with ghosting, whereas attachment anxiety was primarily associated with FoMO. These associations remained robust after controlling for personality traits, and structural equation models confirmed the same distinct pattern at the latent-variable level. The findings highlight the importance of sociocognitive and relational mechanisms in digital interactions and support targeted interventions focusing on reflective functioning and interpersonal regulation.

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